Stem Cells - References

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References quick links:
Books
Oral Histories
Video and Images
• Science Reviews
• Ethical, Legal and Social Reviews
Literature
• Comprehensive Reviews (Scientific Ethical & Legal)
• U.S. Regulation of Stem Cell Research
  - National
  - State
• International Regulations of Stem Cell Research
• Scientific Literature
  - Reviews
  - Stem Cell Derivation and (Trans)Differentiation
  - Stem Cells and Cancer
  - Cloning
  - Genetic Reprogramming and Sexual Reproduction
  - Embryonic Stem Cell Lines “Without Human Embryo Destruction”
  - Characterization of Stem Cells
  - Therapeutic
  - Genomics and Molecular Biology (induction factors, telomeres, genomic imprinting)
• Ethical and Social Literature
  - Reviews
  - Stem Cell Lines, Stem Cell Banks, and Genetic Diversity
  - Cloning
  - Therapeutic
  - Ethics and Religion

Books

Ishiguro, K. (2006). Never Let Me Go. New York, NY. Knopf Publishing Group. This paperback version of a novel narrated by a female clone was originally published in 2005. This would be a good addition for a freshman seminar course or an advanced level biology course that has the space and time to include fictional literature as a backdrop.

Gilbert, Tyler, and Zackin. (2005). Bioethics and the New Embryology: Springboard for Debate. Sinauer Publishing. New York , NY . This text was developed by Scott Gilbert and his students in freshman seminars at Swarthmore College . Also a website with white papers on ethical and historical dimensions of stem cell research with videos and animations (http://8e.devbio.com/keyword.php?kw=bioethics).

Alberts, B. et al. (2003). Essential Cell Biolog y, Second Edition. Garland Publishing. New York , NY . A comprehensive text for introductory level biology students or non-majors. This text also offers thought questions at the end of each chapter. This text contains a glossary and many ancillary materials.

Maienschein, J. (2003). Whose View of Life? Embryos, Cloning, and Stem Cells. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. An excellent text that reviews the history of embryology, cell biology, IVF, cloning, and stem cell research. The last few chapters are an up to date account of the U.S. legislation pertaining to fetal and embryonic research.

Alberts, B. et al. (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cel l, Fourth Edition. Garland Publishing. New York , NY . A detailed and comprehensive text designed for science majors. This text contains a glossary and many ancillary materials.

National Research Board on Life Sciences. (2002). Stem Cells and the Future of Regenerative Medicine. National Academy of Sciences. Washington D.C. A comprehensive review of the science and applications of stem cell research.

Rensberger, B. (1996). Life Itsel f. New York , NY . Oxford University Press. A “coffee table” book written for the general public and strongly recommended for non-majors. This paperback book, complete with a glossary, does an excellent job of placing intricate cellular processes in context. The book is also an excellent resource for cell biology majors, reminding them to place things in context and to integrate what they have learned.

Oral Histories

University of California, Berkeley. (2006). Stem Cell Research: Documenting the Science Politics, Law, and Ethics. Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library. In progress. ROHO has produced some excellent materials on a wide range of topics and their work in the biomedical sciences is particularly illuminating for biology majors who often miss the historical and groundbreaking work that led to scientific discovery and science policy. (http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/ROHO/collections/subjectarea/sci_tech/stem_cell.html)

Video and Images

Science Reviews

University of Michigan. (2006). "Stem Cells Explained and Explored." Online. University of Michigan. March 21. This site reviews ASC and ESC procurement and their applications with good animations and clear narration. (http://www.umich.edu/news/stemcells/022706_TabA.html) or (http://www.lifesciences.umich.edu/research/featured/tutorial.html)

National Institutes of Health. (2001). Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions. Online. National Institutes of Health. This report contains appendices with excellent images of fertilization, telomere extension, embryogenesis, genomic imprinting, and cell culture techniques. (http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/scireport/)

C-Span. (2001). " National Academy of Sciences Forum." VHS and DVD. National Academy of Sciences. C-Span. Washington D.C. August 7. This collection of five video segments varying in length and price reviews the open discussion concerning the science and ethics behind human cloning. The forum depicts heated exchanges among stem cell scientists (Irv Weissman, Rudolf Jaenisch) bioethicists (Alta Churo), and fertility and reproductive specialists (Alan Trounson, Brigette Biosselier, Antinori Servino, Panos Savos). Segment titles include: Human Reproductive Cloning; Human Cloning Research; Human Cloning Public Policy Issues; Animal and Human Cloning Data; and Cloning for Stem Cells. This ID number 165550 entered in the search tool at the URL will provide details. The cost for each DVD segment or VHS ranges from $30.00-60.00. Phone number for ordering is 1-877-662-7726. (http://www.c-spanstore.org/cgi-bin/cspanstore/process.html)

Public Broadcasting Service. (2001). "Life's Greatest Miracle." Online. VHS. Erikson & Nilsson Production in association with WGBH/Boston and ZDF Germany, RAI 3 Italy, NHK Japan, BBC Open University England, SVT1 Sweden, NRK Norway, DR TV Denmark, YLE1 Finland, RUV Iceland. November 20. These video clips contain excellent animation and real-time imagery of gametogenesis, fertilization, embryogenesis, and sex determination. Part 4 “The First Two Weeks” and Part 5 “The Embryo Takes Shape” are particularly useful for this module. The collection contains eight short video clips (5-7 minutes in length). (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/miracle/program.html)

Public Broadcasting Service. (2001). "Transforming Cells." Online. Online News Hour With Jim Lehrer. MacNeil/Lehrer Productions. April 12. An excellent seven-minute video clip showing President Bush explain his stance and Marc Hedrick at the UCLA School of Medicine explain his work with fat cells that can differentiate into all three germ layers. Towards the end of the clip Anthrogensis Corporation in NJ demonstrates how human placentas, which are normally discarded, can be used to derive stem cells. (http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health/jan-june01/stemcells_4-12.html)

Public Broadcasting Service. (2001). "Explaining the Science." Online. Online News Hour With Jim Lehrer. MacNeil/Lehrer Productions. August 9. An excellent seven-minute video clip of President Bush announcing his decision to limit stem cell research funding. John Gearhart and Mary Hendrix discuss the need for the research and Anthony Fauci explains the possibilities. (http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health/july-dec01/stemcellscience_8-10.html)

Public Broadcasting Service. (2001). "Background:Cloning Human Stem Cells." Online. Online News Hour With Jim Lehrer. MacNeil/Lehrer Productions. November 26. An excellent seven-minute video clip that illustrates ACT chimeric human/cow clone and there is also an excellent discussion of coomodification issues on the Meet the Press transcript at this link. (http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health/july-dec01/cloning_11-26.html)

Ontario Genomics Institute. (2002). ENGAGE: Stem Cells Resource Package. Online. Ontario Genomics Institute (OGI) by Genome Canada, and the Joint Centre for Bioethics (JCB) at the University of Toronto. This pdf document is a comprehensive backgrounder on the topic of stem cell research with a good deal of national and international policy information. The images are useful for non-majors courses. (http://www.stemcellnetwork.ca/engage/materials.php)

University of Utah. "What Is A Stem Cell?" Online. Genetics Science Learning Center at the Eccles Institute of Human Genetics University of Utah. This site has an intricate interactive animation that contains a sidebar of corresponding text. The “differentiation telephone booth,” though an elementary level analogy, emphasizes the importance of signals needed for cell differentiation (http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/stemcells/whatissc/)

Dolan DNA Learning Center. "Cloning 101." Online. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. This animation depicts the process of obtaining clones by natural means, such as twins and plant cuttings. The animation then reviews frog cloning, the cloning of Dolly, and the Honolulu technique used to clone mice. (http://www.dnalc.org/cloning.html)

Dolan DNA Learning Center. "How Embryonic Stem Cells Are Made." Online. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. This is a step through animation that clearly and simply depicts the culturing and differentiation of stem cells derived from a blastocyst. However, it should be noted that the induction signals are not reviewed (http://www.dnalc.org/stemcells.html)

Chui, A.. "Human Embryonic Stem Cells." Online. NIH. This site contains text and an animation that walks through fertilization, extraction of embryonic stem cell and then induction of those cells to create insulin producing cells in the diabetic patient. (http://www.sumanasinc.com/scienceinfocus/sif_stemcells.html)

Schindler, L. et al. "Science Behind the News: Understanding the Immune System." Online. The National Cancer Institute. An excellent slide show reviewing the basics of immunology with colorful graphics. (http://newscenter.cancer.gov/sciencebehind/immune/immune01.htm)

FDA. (1995). "FDA consumer: From Test Tube to Patient: New Drug Development in the United States." Online. Food and Drug Administration. This site reviews animal and clinical studies and the regulations that safeguard patients and consumers including informed consent.(http://www.fda.gov/fdac/special/newdrug/ndd_toc.html)

Kessler, S.L. (1999). "The Gift of Life." Online. New Jersey Public Television and Radio. A video of the Ayala family and the struggles they endured to save their daughter, Annissa’s life from leukemia. The parents conceived another child, Marissa Eve, as a bone marrow donor for her sister Annissa. The entire one-hour video is available as short video clips. (http://www.njn.net/television/specials/giftoflife/videomenu.html)

Ethical, Legal and Social Reviews

The White House (2006). "President Discusses Stem Cell Research Policy." Online.Video. The White House. 2006. (http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/07/20060719-3.html)

Dalrymple, M. (2006). "Bush Vetoes Stem Cell Bill As Promised." Online. Video. ABCNews. 2006. (http://www.abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory?id=2212851)

Kalb, C. et al. (2004) "Stem Cell Division." Newsweek October 25: 42-49.. A comprehensive review of the current restrictions and Proposition 71 in California. Also describes the stem cell lines created by Doug Melton that are now publicly available at no cost. There is also a 2-minute video clip of Irv Weissman describing the stem cell ban/restriction being one based on idealism. (http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6263270/site/newsweek/).

Public Broadcasting Service. (2004). "Stem Cell Research." Online. Online News Hour With Jim Lehrer. MacNeil/Lehrer Productions. August 10. An excellent ten-minute video clip showing James Thomson working on stem cells and his viewpoints on the federal funding issue, a snapshot of Ron Reagan junior and John Kerrey at the Democratic National Convention calling for a change in policy, and NIH director, Elias Zerhouni, describing the limited number and cost of using stem cell lines listed in the national stem cell registry. There is also a short clip of a privately funded venture between a Chicago based IVF clinic and the Reproductive Genetics Institute which has established 100 cell lines. Transcript available online. (http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health/july-dec04/stemcell_8-10.html).

CBS. (2004). "The Issues: Stem Cell Research with Elizabeth Kaledin." Online Video. CBS News. July 8. This 2.5-minute video news clip shows Doug Melton of Harvard University demonstrating the potential of stem cells in public health. Melton changed research directions from developmental biology in frogs to human stem cell research when he learned that his children have diabetes. The clip also shows President George Bush stating his views on stem cell research. (http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/07/08/eveningnews/main628171.shtml).

The Science Channel. (2004). "Science At The Edge: Stem Cell Research Segment." VHS. K. Davinov. Film Oasis, The Science Channel, LLC, and Grenada International. March. This 15-minute video clip midway through a one-hour weekly news shows Jeff Stapp’s moral predicament. Jeff suffers from leukemia and though he has recently fathered a child from which stem cells could be obtained from the cord blood, he chooses to save them for his child and continues to wait for adult stem cell research to move forward.

Public Broadcasting Service. (2004). "Innovation: Miracle Cell." Online. Jared Lipworth and Erin Chapman. April. A 2-minute short video clip of a women who was paralyzed while trying to save her children from a car accident and her attempt to stimulate her own adult stem cells to regrow nerve tissue. (http://www.pbs.org/wnet/innovation/episode6.html).

Deusche Welle Online.(2003). " Germany Hints at Loosening Stem Cell Law." Online. Deusche Welle Online. October 30. This one-minute video news clip depicts Justice Minister Bridgette Zypries speaking out on loosening the laws surrounding stem cell research in Germany. (http://www.dw-world.de/english/0,3367,1430_A_1016499_1_A,00.html#).

AAAS. (2003). "Alan Leshner: Therapeutic and Reproductive Cloning Video." Online. AAAS. This one-minute video clip focusing on the use of the term cloning to describe applications for reproduction as well as research. (http://www.aaas.org/ScienceTalk/video.shtml).

CNN.com. (2002). "Couple Wants to Have a Baby Using Human Cloning: Interview With Erin Runnion on Connie Chung Tonight." Online transcript and video. CNN.com. August 12. This video is available for purchase from CNN by calling 1-800-CNN-NEWs or using the online form ( https://orion.fdch.com/forms/orcnn.html). The video and online transcript contain a one-hour interview of infertile American couple interested in cloning as a reproductive technology. The video clip also contains an interview with Panos Zavos, embryologist at the Kentucky Center for Reproductive Medicine, who supports the use of cloning for reproductive purposes and Dr. Zev Rosenwaks, Director of the Reproductive Medicine at the Neill Cornell Medical Centere of New York. There is also a very short interview with John Brown, Louis Brown’s father. Louis was the first “test tube baby” produced by in vitro fertilization. (http://www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0208/12/cct.00.html).

CBSNews. (2002). "60 Minutes: The Holy Grail." VHS. CBS Worldwide Inc. New York. June 5. This 30-minute video clip can be purchased by calling 1-800-848-3256 shows couples saving cord blood as a future resource from which to obtain stem cells. The video clip has an interesting statement by Keone Penn, a child suffering from sickle cell anemia: “I love stem cells,” he says. “I mean they saved my life. If it weren’t for them I wouldn’t, you never know, I probably wouldn’t be here today.” Also has a link to an interactive stem cell learning page that requires FLASH. The transcript is freely available from this web site. (http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/11/28/60II/main319351.shtml).

Australian Broadcasting Company. (2002). "New Research Further Divides Stem Cell Debate: Australian Parliament Video." Online. Lateline. Ultimo. June 21. This 2.5-minute video clip describes recent work from Minnesota on adult stem cell research and the impact that the finding has on policy decisions concerning embryonic stem cell research in Australia. (http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/stories/s588386.htm) and (http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/av/2002/06/20020621ll_stemcell.ram)

CNN.com. (2002). "Stem Cell Debate Video Gallery." Online. CNN. This site contains a collection of news clips available as short video downloads from the link Video Gallery. Includes gender, political, social, and religious perspectives. (http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/stemcell/).

Stem Cell Debate Continues: Gordons adopted IVF embryos and children suffering from diseases speak out ( July 17, 2001 )
Stem Cell Support Grows: Senators viewpoints and differences amongst sources of stem cells ( July 18, 2001 )
Stem Cell Research Grows in UK : Dr. Peterson’s move from California to UK ( July 20,2001 )
Against Stem Cell Testing: Pope and Bush wraps first meeting with Pope ( July 23, 2001 )
Women Represent Two Sides of Stem Cell Debate: What to do with frozen embryos in fertility labs? ( July 30, 2001 )

Public Broadcasting Service. (2001). "Background: Cloning Human Stem Cells." Online. MacNeil/Lehrer Productions. November 26. This site links to a 7- minute video clip providing the logic and science behind human cloning. The pro argument is presented by Michael West, former president of Advanced Cell Technology and the counter argument presented by Kansas Senator Sam Brownback. The Discussion portion of this segment is available only as text in the transcript located at this URL and reviews the statements for human cloning made by Professor Ronald Green, Chair of the Religion Department at Dartmouth and against human cloning by Leon Kass, Chair of the President’s Council on Bioethics and bioethicist at the University of Chicago. Transcript available online. (http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health/july-dec01/cloning_11-26.html#).

Public Broadcasting Service. (2001). "Explaining the Science." Online. MacNeil/Lehrer Productions. August 9.. A 7-minute video segment that shows President Bush's announcement to limit federal funding of stem cell research to adult stem cells and embryonic stem cell lines established before August 9, 2001. John Gearhart explains the need for more stem cell line. An exchange between Iowa Senator Tom Harkin and Mary Hendrix from the University of Iowa at a hearing on stem cell research is also shown. Anthony Fauci also discusses stem cell possibilities Transcript available online. (http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health/july-dec01/stemcellscience_8-10.html#)

Public Broadcasting Service. (2001). "Transforming Cells." Online. MacNeil/Lehrer Productions. April 12 A 7-minute video clip demonstrating the ethics behind stem cell research, with a 20 second clip of President Bush making a statement that “cloning humans is wrong.” Also shows Marc Hedrick at UCLA School of Medicine describing his work with fat as a source of stem cells that can differentiate in vitro into all three germ layers and the Anthrogenesis Corporation in NJ using discarded human placentas to derive stem cells and differentiate them in vitro. Transcript available online. . (http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health/jan-june01/stemcells_4-12.html#).

Council For Responsible Genetics. (2001). What Your Mother Never Told You About Stem Cells. Online. Council for Responsible Genetics. This site provides a brief overview of both the science and the ethical and social dimensions of stem cell research. (http://www.gene-watch.org/educational/stem_cells_mom.pdf)( PDF File)

Literature (** articles that are particularly useful for students)

Comprehensive Reviews (Scientific, Ethical and Legal)

Invitrogen/Nature. (2006). "Insight: Stem Cells." Invitrogen and Nature Publishing. June 29. 1059-102. Invitrogen is the leader in stem cell reagents and protocol development and the review focuses on basic science and therapeutic potential. (http://www.nature.com/nature/supplements/insights/stem_cells/index.html)

Scientific American and The Financial Times. (2005). The Future of Stem Cells: Special Supplement. June 20. This special supplement co-published by the two organizations has several articles which cover a wide range of subjects including therapy, law, and business. The section on state laws is particularly useful.(http://news.ft.com/reports/stemcells2005 .

Bent, S.A. (2005). "Under the Microscope." The Scientist 19 (13): 22-23. This is an excellent review of the embryo research legislation in many countries . This article denotes the conflict between the EU and the UK outlook on stem cell patents and there is a good website for additional information at Cardiff Center for Ethics and Law (http://www.ccels.cardiff.ac.uk/launch/whittakerpaper.html) or (http://www.the-scientist.com/article/display/15595/)

Nature. (2005). "Nature Biotechnology's Cell Therapies Focus Online." Nature. July 14. This entire issue is freely available and devoted to stem cell research. (http://www.nature.com/nbt/focus/cell_therapies/index.html )

Kalb, C. et al. (2004) "Stem Cell Division." Newsweek 144 (17). October 25: 42-49. Reviews current federal regulations and state initiatives related to the newly established stem cell institutes in the U.S. (http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6263270/site/newsweek/)

Shaw, J. (2004) "Stem-cell Science: When Medicine Meets Moral Philosophy." Harvard Magazine July-August 106(6): 36-45. Reviews the work of Harvard scientists, Doug Melton and Jill McMahon and the stem lines they established to circumvent current federal guidelines regarding federal funding. (http://www.harvardmagazine.com/on-line/070483.html)

Lanza, R. and Rosenthal, N. (2004). "The Stem Cell Challenge." Scientific American 290(6): 92-100. (http://www.sciam.com/print_version.cfm?articleID=000DFA43-04B1-10AA-84B183414B7F0000)

Rohm, W. (2004). “Seven Days of Creation.” Wired.12.01 January. This feature article is part of a cover story on cloning and reviews the work of Chung at Advanced Cell Technology . (http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.01/clones.pr.html)

Newman, S. (2003). Human Developmental Modifications: Prospects and Perils. The Council for Responsible Genetics. New York City. April. (http://www.gene-watch.org/programs/cloning/pcobe_statement.pdf)( PDF File)

Paul, G. et al. (2002). "Stem cells: Hype or hope?" Drug Discovery Today 7(5): 295-302.

Pizzi, R. (2002). "The science and politics of stem cells." Modern Drug Discovery 5(2): 32-34, 36-37. (http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/mdd/v05/i02/html/02pizzi.html)

Wertz, D. (2002). "Embryo and stem cell research in the United States: History and politics." Gene Therapy 9(11): 674-678.

Weinberg, R. (2002). "Of Clones and Clowns." The Atlantic Monthly 289(6): 54 (5 pages). Lengthy review of the National Academy of Sciences session regarding human cloning. (http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/prem/200206/weinberg)

Dunn, K. (2002). "Cloning Trevor." Atlantic Monthly 289(6): 31(16 pages). Review of Advanced Cell Technology’s attempts to clone cells from a young male patient in hopes of saving him from a lethal illness. (http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/prem/200206/dunn)

Center for Science, Technology and Congress, AAAS. (2002). "Summary of Stem Cell Research." Online. AAAS. 2002. (http://www.aaas.org/spp/cstc/issues/stemcells.htm)

Hall, S. (2000) "The Recycled Generation." New York Times Magazine 149 (51283). January 30: 30 (10 pages). A very lengthy biography of Michael West former CEO of Advanced Cell Technology and the future of regenerative medicine. (http://www.nytimes.com/library/magazine/home/20000130mag-hall6.html)

U.S. Regulation of Stem Cell Research

National

Stolberg, S.J. (2006). "First Bush Veto Maintains Limits on Stem Cell Use." New York Times July 20:11. This article discusses the first veto during the Bush Administration and outlines the other bills that were trumped up to prohibit embryonic stem cell research.

Hayes, R., et al. (2006). "Stem Cells and Public Policy." The Century Foundation. New York. 88. (http://www.tcf.org/Publications/HealthCare/Stemcellbasics.pdf( PDF File)

Committee on Guidelines for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Council. (2005). Guidelines For Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research. 2005, Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. 272. (http://books.nap.edu/catalog/11278.html?onpi_newsdoc04262005)

Moreno, J., et al. (2005). "Guidelines for human embryonic stem cell research." Nature Biotechnology's Cell Therapies Focus Online 23(7): 793-94. This is review of the above reference and full report from the Committee. (http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v23/n7/pdf/nbt0705-793.pdf)( PDF File)

Cookson, C. (2005). "Universities and Companies Rush To File Stem Cell Patents in Spite of Controversy." Financial Times. June 20: 1.

Gardner, R., et al. (2005). "A Patchwork of Laws, in Special Report: The Future of Stem Cells." Financial Times and Scientific American: A16-A21. (http://www.sciam.com/print_version.cfm?articleID=00031AB9-D9A9-12B9-969983414B7F0000)

Kurtzberg, J. et al. (2005). "Untying the Gordian knot: policies, practices, and ethical issues related to banking of umbilical cord blood.”Journal of Clinical Investigation. 115(10): 2592-2597. (http://www.jci.org/cgi/content/abstract/115/10/2592)

Paulson, A. (2005). "Lost Embryos: Wrongful Death." Online. CBS Broadcasting. March 23, 2005. (http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/03/23/health/main682400.shtml)

Dunn, K. (2005). "The Politics of Stem Cells." Online. NOVA/WNET. 2005. reviews the Dickey Wicker Amendment. (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/dispatches/050413.html)

Kennedy, D. (2004). "The candidates speak." Science 306(5693): 19. (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/rapidpdf/1105134v1.pdf)( PDF File)

Kerry, J. et al. (2004). "Bush and Kerry offer their views on science." Science 306(5693): 46-52. (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/rapidpdf/1105134v1.pdf)( PDF File)

Weiss, R. (2004). "58 Senators Seek Easing of Rules for Stem Cells." Washington Post. June 8: 3. (http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A23279-2004Jun7?language=printer)

Weiss, R. (2004). "Approved Stem Cells' Potential Questioned." Washington Post Ocotober 29:A3. Several of the approved stem cell lines appear to be contaminated with a surface sugar not normally found in humans. (http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A7420-2004Oct28?language=printer)

Recer, P. (2004). " Korea's Successful Human Cloning to Obtain Stem Cells Sparks Calls for US Ban." SympaticoMSN.Com: Feb 12. (http://mediresource.sympatico.ca/health_news_detail.asp?channel_id=28&menu_item_id=&news_id=3353)

Cohen, C.B. (2004). "Stem cell research in the U.S. after the President's speech of August 2001." The Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 14(1): 91-114.

President's Council on Bioethics. (2005). White Paper: Alternative Sources of Human Stem Cells. The President's Council on Bioethics. Washington, DC. May.This report describes techniques and methods that are sensitive to the right to life debate and oocyte donation isssues. (http://www.bioethics.gov/topics/stemcells_index.html)

President's Council on Bioethics. (2004). Monitoring Stem Cell Research. The President's Council on Bioethics. Washington, DC. January. This report throws caution to embryonic stem cell research and instead advises that adult stem cell research receive more federal funding. (http://bioethics.gov/reports/stemcell/index.html)

President's Council on Bioethics. (2004). Reproduction and Responsibility: The Regulation of New Biotechnologies. The President's Council on Bioethics. Washington, DC. March. This report surprisingly advises the president to allow stem cell research on embryos 14 days and younger and supports a ban on cloning for reproductive purposes. (http://bioethics.gov/reports/stemcell/index.html)

Hopkins. (2003). "Panel: Clinical Use of Embryonic Stem Cells Jeopardized by Policy on Federal Funding." Online. John Hopkins Medicine. November 10. (http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/Press_releases/2003/11_10_03.html)

President's Council on Bioethics. (2003). Beyond Therapy: Enhancement of Human Traits. The President's Council on Bioethics. Washington DC. October. This report was perhaps one for the most inflammatory reports published by the Council, as it predicts a future of Franken Children and a relapse into eugenic practices. (http://bioethics.gov/topics/beyond_index.html)

Office of Legislative Policy and Analysis. (2003). "Pending Legislation: Cloning." Online. Office of Legislative Policy and Analysis. January 10. An excellent review of all bills pertaining to stem cell research. (http://olpa.od.nih.gov/legislation/107/pendinglegislation/7cloning.asp)

Center for Science, Technology and Congress, AAAS. (2002). "Summary of Stem Cell Research." Online. AAAS. 2002. This site contains letters from the House Republicans and reviews the controversies concerning the currently available stem cell lines eligible for federal funding in the U.S. (http://www.aaas.org/spp/cstc/issues/stemcells.htm)

Duffy, D. (2002). "Background and Legal Issues Related to Stem Cell Research." Online. Congressional Research Service. June 12. This site reviews the current bill and proposal put forth by the House and the Senate concerning stem cell research. (http://www.policyalmanac.org/health/archive/crs_stem_cell.shtml)

Landrieu, M. (2002) U.S. Senator Mary Landrieu Testimony for Total Ban on Human Cloning in: Senate Health Education Labor and Pensions (HELP). (http://www.senate.gov/~landrieu/releases/02/2002305B44.html)

White House Press Secretary. (2002). "President Names Members of Bioethics Council." Online. The White House. (http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020116-9.html)

McGinley, L. et al. (2002). "Cloning Clamor Grows- Nobel Winners Oppose a Ban, Frist Announces His Support As Senate Prepares for Debate." Wall Street Journal. April 10: 1.

AAAS. (2002). "Senate Braces for Cloning Debate." Science and Technology in Congress February: 1,2,6. (http://www.aaas.org/spp/cstc/stc/stc02/02-02/stc02-02.pdf)( PDF File)

Shadid, A. (2001). " United States Obtains Stem-Cell Access Pact." The Boston Globe. September 6: 1.

Frist, B. (2001). "Statement by Senator Bill Frist (R-TN) Regarding Federal Funding of Stem Cell Research." (http://www.senate.gov/%7Efrist/Press_Center/News_Releases/01-144/01-144.html)

Hatch, O. (2001) Letter written by Senator Orrin Hatch and addressed to Secretary of Health and Human Services, Tommy Thompson, Concerning Ban on Human Cloning. June 13. (http://www.senate.gov/%7Ehatch/thompson_letter.pdf)( PDF File)

Good, M. et al. (2001). AAAS Letter Addressed to President George Bush Regarding Stem Cell Research Funding. March 6. (http://www.aaas.org/spp/dspp/sfrl/projects/stem/bushletter.htm)

Shapiro, H. (2001) National Bioethics Advisory Committee Letter Banning Human Cloning to President George Bush. (http://bioethics.georgetown.edu/nbac/cloning_letter.pdf)( PDF File)

State

Aroundthecapital.com.(2006). "SB 1260 (Ortiz and Runner): Reproductive Health and Research." Online. Aroundthecapital.com. 2006. (http://www.aroundthecapitol.com/Bills/SB_1260)

California Stem Cell Report. (2006). "Ortiz Not Satisfied With Egg Expense Rules." California Stem Cell Report. http://californiastemcellreport.blogspot.com/2006/02/ortiz-not-satisfied-with-egg-expense.html

Levine, A. (2005). "The Rise of State-Sponsored Stem Cell Research in the United States." in States and Stem Cells: A Symposium On The Policy and Economic Implications Of State-Sponsored Stem Cell Research. 2005: 7-16.The Policy Institute for the Region at Princeton University. Describes various state initiative and highlights Illinois. (http://region.princeton.edu/media/pub/pub_xtra_16.pdf)( PDF File)

Lewis, R. (2005). "Stem Cell Bill Override Turns Talk to Research Support ; Legislative Leaders Hope to Lure Industry." Boston Globe June 1:A1. Describes Massachusetts bill that relieves amibiguity of past law with respect to embryo research.

Gibbs, W. (2005). "The California Gambit, in Special Report: The Future of Stem Cells." Financial Times and Scientific American: A24-27. (http://www.sciam.com/print_version.cfm?articleID=00074394-3130-12BC-ADB783414B7F014C)

Sample, I. (2004). "The $3bn Bush Bypass." The Guardian. November 11: 4. Reviews the impact that Proposition 71 will have on California, the United States, and to the international community of stem cell scientists.

Hall, C. (2004). "Stanford Medical Dean Put On Stem Cell Panel." San Francisco Chronicle. November 6: 4. First appointment of the 29- member council that was voted in due to the passage of Proposition 71 in California.

Bruck, C. (2004). " Hollywood Science." The New Yorker 80(31): 62(9 pages). Reviews the impact that Proposition 71 will have on California, the United States, and to the international community of stem cell scientists.

Smartvoter. (2004). "Proposition 71." Online. League of Women Voters of California Education Fund. November 2. This website has links to the text of Proposition 71 for the state of California, analysis of the proposition, and a voter’s guide. (http://www.smartvoter.org/2004/11/02/ca/state/prop/71/)

Broder, J., M. et al. (2004). "Californians to Vote on Stem Cell Research Funds." New York Times. September 20: 1.

Knight, J. (2004). "Critics slate ethical leeway in California stem-cell proposal." Nature 432(7006): 232.

The New Jersey Commission on Science and Technology. "The Stem Cell Institute of New Jersey." Online. The New Jersey Commission on Science and Technology. (http://www.state.nj.us/scitech/stem_intro.html)

Chris Gregoire Campaign.(2004). "Gregoire Announces Support for Washington State Stem Cell Research." Online. Chris Gregoire Campaign. September 24. (http://www.gregoire2004.com/mediacenterdetail.php?piid=89)

National Conference of State Legislatures.(2004). "State Embryonic and Fetal Research Laws." Online. National Conference of State Legislatures. September 25. A comprehensive review in table format of state legislation pertaining to embryonic and fetal research. (http://www.ncsl.org/programs/health/genetics/embfet.htm)

Scherer, R. (2004). "States Race to Lead Stem-cell Research." Christian Science Monitor. February 25: 1. (http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0225/p01s03-usec.html)

Stolberg, S. (2001). "States Already Regulate Stem Cell Study." Chicago Tribune July 23:11. Though dated, this article reviews the history of state laws regarding embryonic and fetal tissue research.

International Regulations of Stem Cell Research

United Nations. (2005). "Ad Hoc Committee on an International Convention against the Reproductive Cloning of Human Beings." Online. United Nations. May 18, 2005. (http://www.un.org/law/cloning/)

United Nations.(2005). “ Press Release On The Declaration on Human Cloning.” In Fifty-Ninth General Assembly Plenary 82nd Meeting. New York, NY. (http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/ga10333.doc.htm)

Andrews, P.W. et al. (2005). "The International Stem Cell Initiative: toward benchmarks for human embryonic stem cell research." Nature Biotechnology's Cell Therapies Focus Online 23(7): 795-797. (http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v23/n7/pdf/nbt0705-795.pdf)( PDF File)

Anonymous. (2006). "Editorial: Stem Cell Refresher." Online. The Australian. 2006. http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/printpage/0,5942,19558367,00.html

Stafford, N. (2005). " Germany Drafts Stem Cell Plan." Online. Daily News, The Scientist. 2005.

Tomlinson, H. et al. (2005). " China Surges Ahead in Stem Cell Science." Online. The Guardian. January 24, 2005. (http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/sciences/story/0,12243,1397232,00.html)

Parry, E. (2004). "Statement by Sir Emyr Jones Parry, Permanent Representative to the United Kingdom Mission of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations: Convention Against the Reproductive Cloning of Human Beings: Statement 21 October 2004." Online. UK Information Services. October 21, 2004. (http://www.ukun.org/search/Search_show.asp?Aid=796&T=1)

Center for Genetics and Society. (2004). "Other Human Genetic and Reproductive Technologies: Policies." Online. The Center for Genetics and Society. September 24. This site contains links that review various nations’ regulations for stem cell research. (http://www.genetics-and-society.org/policies/index.html)

Kittredge, C. (2004). " France OKs Stem Cell Research." 18(21): 41.

Science Magazine. (2003). "Spaniards go for stem cells." Science 299(5609): 1009a.

Lederer, E. (2003). " U.S. Opposed in Effort to Get U.N. Vote on Cloning." Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. November 3: 2.

Fukuyama, F. (2002). "The Clone Traders Advances in Human Biotechnology Have Highlighted the Need for International Regulation." Financial Times. May 18: 01.

Center for Genetics and Society. (2002). "Genetic Crossroads News Letter #24." Online. The Center for Genetics and Society. September 18. This site contains a number of links that review the U.N effort to establish international guidelines for stem cell research. (http://www.genetics-and-society.org/newsletter/archive/24.html)

Annas, G.J. et al. (2002). "Protecting the endangered human: Toward an international treaty prohibiting cloning and inheritable alterations." American Journal Of Law & Medicine 28(2,3): 151-178. (http://www.genetics-and-society.org/resources/items/2002_ajlm_annasetal.pdf)( PDF File)

Cho, P. (2002). "Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research in China." Online. The American Embassy In Beijing China. September. (http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/sandt/stemcell.htm)

Reuters. (2001). "Green Light for Embryo Cloning." Online. CNN.Com. January 22. (http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/UK/01/22/cloning.reut/)

Scientific Literature

Reviews

Solter, D. (2006). "From teratocarcinomas to embryonic stem cells and beyond: A history of embyronic stem cell research." Nature Reviews Genetics 7(4): 319-327.

Stojkovic, M. et al. (2004). "Derivation, growth and applications of human embryonic stem cells." Reproduction 128(3): 259-267. (http://www.reproduction-online.org/cgi/reprint/128/3/259)

Joshi, C. et al. (2002). "Plasticity revisited." Current Opinion in Cell Biology 14(6): 749-755.

Tsai, R. et al. (2002). "Plasticity, niches, and the use of stem cells." Developmental Cell 2(6): 707-712. This article reviews work on the pluripotency of adult stem cells and provides evidence that suggests that they might be more limited than previously believed.

National Institutes of Health. (2001). Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions. Online. National Institutes of Health. This report contains appendices with excellent images of fertilization, telomere extension, embryogenesis, genomic imprinting, and cell culture techniques. (http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/scireport/)

Blau, H.M. et al. (2001). "The evolving concept of a stem cell: Entity or function?" Cell 105(7): 829-841. This review has a nice figure illustrating a reversible path for differentiation.

Odorico, J. et al. (2001). "Multilineage differentiation from human embryonic stem cell lines." Stem Cells 19(3): 193-204. This article spends some time introduces the need to under basic science and introduces a variety of stem cell applications that go beyond cell therapy, and include drug screening and drug targeting. (http://stemcells.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/abstract/19/3/193)

Pera, M.F. et al. (2000). "Human embryonic stem cells." Journal of Cell Science 113 (Pt 1): 5-10.

Lewis, R. (2000). "A Paradigm Shift in Stem Cell Research?" The Scientist 14(5): 1. (http://www.the-scientist.com/yr2000/mar/lewis_p1_000306.html)

Lewis, R. (2000). "A Stem Cell Legacy: Leroy Stevens." The Scientist 14(5): 19. (http://www.the-scientist.com/yr2000/mar/lewis_p19_000306.html)

Harris, J. (2000). "Intimations of immortality." Science 288(5463): 59.

Vogel, G. (1999). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR: Capturing the promise of youth." Science 286(5448): 2238-2239

Gearhart, J. (1998). "New potential for human embryonic stem cells." Science 282(5391): 1061-1062.

Stem Cell Derivation and (Trans)Differentiation

McGuckin, C.P. et al. (2005). "Production of stem cells with embryonic characteristics from human umbilical cord blood." Cell Proliferation 38(4): 245.

Constans A. (2005). “Another chapter in going from blood to brain.” The Scientist 19 (21): 20.

Immunotherapy Weekly. (2005). "Embryonic stem cell lines derived on serum-free placental fibroblasts." Online. NewsEdge Corporation. 2005. (http://www.bioportfolio.com/july_05/22_07_2005/Embryonic_stem_cell_lines.html)

Weimann, J.M. et al. (2003). "Contribution of transplanted bone marrow cells to Purkinje neurons in human adult brains.” PNAS 100(4): 2088-2093. This article reviews work using sex chromosome tracing of stem cells post-autopsy in women suffering from brain disease. (http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/100/4/2088)

Mezey et al. (2003). “Transplanted bone marrow generate new neurons in human brains.” PNAS 100:1364-1369. (http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/100/3/1364)

DARPA. "Rapid Vaccines Assessment." Online. DARPA. September 25. This site describes attempts by the government to develop a functional immune system in vitro using stem cells to better understand the human immune response to vaccines and bioweapons developed for wartime activities. (http://www.darpa.mil/dso/thrust/biosci/etc.htm)

Ying, Q.L. et al. (2002). "Changing potency by spontaneous fusion." Nature 416(6880): 545-548. . This paper was one of the first to illustrate that adult stem cells may only adopt embryonic properties when fused with the embryonic stem cell layer.

Terada, N. et al. (2002). "Bone marrow cells adopt the phenotype of other cells by spontaneous cell fusion." Nature 416(6880): 542-545. This paper was one of the first to illustrate that adult stem cells may only adopt embryonic properties when fused with the embryonic stem cell layer.

Verfaillie, C. (2002). "Adult stem cells: assessing the case for pluripotency." Trends in Cell Biology 12(11): 502-508.

Clarke, D. et al. (2001). "Differentiation potential of adult stem cells." Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 11(5): 575-580. (http://reviews.bmn.com/journals/atoz/latest?uid=JGEN.etd00890_0959437x_v0011i05_00000235)

Donovan, P.J. et al. (2001). "The end of the beginning for pluripotent stem cells." Nature 414(6859): 92-97.

Amit, M. et al. (2000). "Clonally derived human embryonic stem cell lines maintain pluripotency and proliferative potential for prolonged periods of culture." Developmental Biology 227(2): 271-278. (http://ntp.neuroscience.wisc.edu/faculty/fac-art/thomson227.pdf)( PDF File)

Palm, K. et al. (2000). "Fetal and adult human CNS stem cells have similar molecular characteristics and developmental potential." Brain Research: Molecular Brain Research 78(1-2): 192-195.

Munsie, M.J. et al. (2000). "Isolation of pluripotent embryonic stem cells from reprogrammed adult mouse somatic cell nuclei." Current Biology 10(16): 989-992.

Reubinoff, B. et al. (2000). "Embryonic stem cell lines from human blastocysts: somatic differentiation in vitro." Nature Biotechnology 18(4): 399-404.

Theise, N. et al. (2000). "Liver from bone marrow in humans." Hepatology 32:11-16. A nice example of stem cell tracing using sex chromosomes.

Bjornson, C.R. et al. (1999). "Turning brain into blood: A hematopoietic fate adopted by adult neural stem cells in vivo." Science 283(5401): 534-537.

Pittenger, M.F. et al. (1999). "Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells." Science 284(5411): 143-147.

Shamblott, M. et al. (1998). "Derivation of pluripotent stem cells from cultured human primordial germ cells." PNAS 95(23): 13726-13731. The first study to establish human stem cell lines from aborted fetal tissue.

Thomson, J. et al. (1998). "Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts." Science 282(5391): 1145-1147. The first study to establish human embryonic stem cell lines from extranumerary IVF embryos.

Matsui, Y. et al. (1992). "Derivation of pluripotential embryonic stem cells from murine primordial germ cells in culture." Cell 70(5): 841-847.

Pease, S. et al. (1990). "Isolation of embryonic stem (ES) cells in media supplemented with recombinant leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF)." Developmental Biology 141(2): 344-352.

Evans, M.J. et al. (1981). "Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos." Nature 292(5819): 154-156.

Martin, G.R. (1981). "Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells." Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences of the United States of America 78(12): 7634-7638.

Mintz, B. et al. (1975). " Normal genetically mosaic mice produced from malignant teratocarcinoma cells." Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences of the United States of America 72(9): 3585-3589.
Stevens, L. (1970). "The development of transplantable teratocarcinomas from intratesticular grafts of pre- and postimplantation mouse embryos." Developmental Biology 21(3): 364-382.
Stem Cells and Cancer

(see Mintz and Stevens immediately above)

Kenny, P.A., et al. (2006). "The ecology of tumors." The Scientist 20(4): 31-35.

Solter, D. (2006). "From teratocarcinomas to embryonic stem cells and beyond: A history of embyronic stem cell research." Nature Reviews Genetics 7(4): 319-327.

Greener. (2005). "Cancer epigenetics enters the mainstream." The Scientist 19(12): 18. (http://www.the-scientist.com/2005/6/20/18/1)

Howe, L.R., et al. (2004). "Wnt signaling and breast cancer." Cancer Biology and Therapy 3(1): 36-41.

Trosko, J.E., et al. (2004). "Ignored Hallmarks of Carcinogenesis: Stem Cells and Cell-Cell Communication." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1028(1): 192-201. (http://www.annalsnyas.org/cgi/content/abstract/1028/1/192)

Brickman, J.M., et al. (2002). "Pluripotency and tumorigenicity." Nature Genetics 32: 557-58. (http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v32/n4/pdf/ng1202-557.pdf)( PDF File)

Cloning

Lee, B.C., et al. (2005). "Dogs cloned from adult somatic cells." Nature 436(7051): 641

Stojkovic, M. et al. (2005). "Derivation of a human blastocyst after heterologous nuclear transfer to donated oocytes." Reproductive BioMedicine Online 11(2): 226-231. This study uses embryonic stem cells as nuclear donors for human blastocyst cloning. Stojkovic broke ties with his collaborator Murdoch and relocated to Portugal to head up a stem cell institute. He claimed that Murdoch was unethical is revealing the results of their study to the press prior to peer review (see Templeton, 2006).

Hwang, W.S. et al. (2005). "Patient-specific embryonic stem cells derived from human SCNT blastocysts." Science 308(5729): 1777-1783. Retracted in 2006.

Hwang, W.S. et al. (2004). "Evidence of a pluripotent human embryonic stem cell line derived from a cloned blastocyst." Science 303(5664): 1669-1674. Retracted in 2006.

Wakayama, T. (2003). "Cloned mice and embryonic stem cell lines generated from adult somatic cells by nuclear transfer." Oncology Research 13(6-10): 309-314.

Vogelstein, B. et al. (2002). "Please don't call it cloning!" Science 295(5558): 1237. This article suggests new nomenclature for stem cell research that does not invoke the concept of reproductive clones.

O'Mathuna, D. (2002). "What to call human cloning." EMBO Reports 3(6): 502-505. This article is in response to the Vogelstein et al. article above and states that ethical issues can not be skirted by changing the vocabulary. (http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taffile=/embor/journal/v3/n6/full/embor136.html)

Cibelli, J.B. et al. (2001). "Somatic cell nuclear transfer in humans: Pronuclear and early embryonic development." e-biomed: The Journal of Regenerative Medicine 2: 25-31. (http://pippo.catchword.com/vl=23245655/cl=16/nw=1/fm=docpdf/rpsv/catchword/mal/15248909/v2n5/s5/p25)

Vogel, G. (2000). "In contrast to Dolly, cloning resets telomere clock in cattle." Science 288(5466): 586-587.
Campbell, K.H. et al. (1996). "Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line." Nature 380(6569): 64-66.
Genetic Reprogramming and Sexual Reproduction

Ainsworth, C. (2005). "Cell Biology: The secret life of sperm." Nature 436(7052): 770-71. (http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v436/n7052/full/436770a.html)

Holding, C. (2004). "Sperm mRNA Found in Eggs." Online. BioMed Central. May 13. (http://biomedcentral.com/news/20040513/01)

Hubner, K., et al. (2003). "Derivation of oocytes from mouse embryonic stem cells." Science 300(5623): 1251-56.

Travis, J. (2000). "Mom's Eggs Execute Dad's Mitochondria." Science News 157(1): 5. (http://www.sciencenews.org/20000101/fob3.asp)
McGrath, J., et al. (1984). "Completion of mouse embryogenesis requires both the maternal and paternal genomes." Cell 37(1): 179-83.
Embryonic Stem Cell Lines "Without Human Embryo Destruction"

Klimanskaya, I. , et al. (2006). "Human embryonic stem cell lines derived from single blastomeres." Nature 05142. Advanced online publication. The Scientist Blog does a good job of explaining the media embargo and debacle in communicating the results of this paper to the wider public. ( http://www.the-scientist.com/blog/display/24413/)

Chung, Y. et al. (2006). "Embryonic and extraembryonic stem cell lines derived from single mouse blastomores." Nature 439 (7073): 216-219. Using technologies for preimplantation genetic diagnosis, researchers successfully remove one cell from an eight cell blastomere and establish mouse embryonic stem cell lines.

Meissner, A. et al. (2006). "Generation of nuclear transfer-derived pluritpotent from cloned Cdx2 deficient mouse blastocysts." Nature 439 (7073): 212-215. Using an inducible interference RNA construct, researchers genetically engineer a cloned mouse blastocyst via altered nuclear transfer that is incapable of uterine implantation. The impetus for this work comes from work in 2001 by Janet Rossant in Canada. Rossant, J. (2001). "Stem Cells from the Mammalian Blastocyst." Stem Cells 19(6): 477-82. (http://stemcells.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/abstract/19/6/477)

Weissman, I. (2006). "Politic stem cells." Nature 439 (7073): 145-148. Reviews the two methods for establishing clonal stem cell lines (ANT and PGD) reviewed in the Chung et al and Meissner et al papers above.

Jaenisch, R., Meissner, A. and Solter, D. ( Mar 16, 2006). "Politically Correct Human Embryonic Stem Cells?" New England Journal of Medicine 354(11): 1208-1209. An exchange of correspondence regarding the new ANT technique and paper published by Meissner and Jaenisch online in 2005 and in print in 2006. The first letter is below by Solter. The letters here include a response from Jaenisch and Meissner to the letter by Solter, defending the ANT technique. This is followed by Solter’s response in which he maintains his stance that to modify the SCNT technique to satisfy political will is fruitless.

Solter, D. ( Dec 1, 2005 ). Politically correct human embryonic stem cells. New England Journal of Medicine 353(22): 2321-23. Reviews the two methods (ANT and PGD) for establishing clonal stem cell lines and is critical of these approaches as methods to placate those who oppose the research.

Jaenisch, R., et al. (2006). "Politically Correct Human Embryonic Stem Cells?" New England Journal of Medicine 354(11): 1208-09. Jaenisch and Meissner respond to the letter by Solter and Solter responds to their letter. All letters discuss embryonic stem cell lines derived by ANT which is discussed in the Meissner et al .paper above. (http://content.nejm.org)

Niwa, H., et al. (2005). "Interaction between Oct3/4 and Cdx2 determines trophectoderm differentiation." Cell 123(5): 917-29. This paper served as the foundation for the Meissner and Jaenisch ANT method of cloning. The team determines that there is a duel between the transcription factors Oct3/4 and Cdx2. The switch will restrict embryonic stem cells to either embryonic or placental fate. (http://download.cell.com/pdfs/0092-8674/PIIS0092867405009116.pdf)( PDF File)

Smith, A. (2005). "Battlefield of pluripotency." Cell 123(5): 757-60. This article reviews the work of Rossant’s team (Niwa et al.) on the transcriptions factors CDX2 and Oct3/4 in the same issue of Cell (article above).The vulnerability of lineage potential to transcriptional perturbation may reflect an essential feature of pluripotency (http://download.cell.com/pdfs/0092-8674/PIIS0092867405009116.pdf)( PDF File)

Chawengsaksophak, K., et al. (2004). "Cdx2 is essential for axial elongation in mouse development." PNAS 101(20): 7641-45.

Kono, T. et al. (2004). "Birth of parthenogenetic mice that can develop to adulthood." Nature 428(6985): 860-864. Reviewed in Holding, C. (2004). "1st Mouse by Parthenogenesis?" Online. BioMed Central. April 21. (http://www.biomedcentral.com/news/20040421/01/)

Kirchheimer, S. (2004). "Are Men Obsolete?" Online. WebMDHealth. April 21. (http://my.webmd.com/content/article/85/98826.htm?z=1728_00000_1000_ln_05)

Rincon, P. (2004). "Mice Created Without Fathers." Online. BBCNews World Edition. April 21. (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3643847.stm)

Dennis, C. (2003). "Chinese fusion method promises fresh route to human stem cells." Nature 424(6950): 71.

Characterization of Stem Cells

Tabibzadeh, S., et al. (2006). "Lefty at the crossroad of 'stemness' and differentiative events." Stem Cells: 2006-0075. Discusses Brivanlou and others work on stem cell maintenance. (http://stemcells.alphamedpress.org/cgi/content/abstract/2006-0075v1)

Brivanlou, A.H. (2005). "The Molecular Basis of Stemness in Human Embryonic Stem Cells." in The Promise of Stem Cells as a Therapeutic Paradigm. 2005. New York: New York Academy of Sciences. Afirst attempt to characterize the stem cell profile. (http://www.nyas.org/events/eventDetail.asp?eventID=3189&date=6/8/2005%205:00:00%20PM)

Mikkers, H. et al. (2005). "Deconstructing stemness." The EMBO Journal 24 (15): 2715-2719. This article questions the hallmark characteristics of stem cells and suggests that the cells are halted in progression to differentiation and that time and environmental cues determine when and if progression will continue.

Zipori, D. (2005). "The stem state: Plasticity is essential, whereas self-renewal and hierarchy are optional." Stem Cells 23: 719-726. This article questions the hallmark characteristics of stem cells but does not thoroughly differentiate between adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells and makes no mention of the possibility of cell fusion leading to the plasticity seen with early adult stem cells.

Nakashima, K., et al. (2004). "Embryonic stem cells: staying plastic on plastic." Nature Medicine 10: 23-24. (http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v10/n1/pdf/nm0104-23.pdf)( PDF File)

Sato, N., et al. (2004). "Maintenance of pluripotency in human and mouse embryonic stem cells through activation of Wnt signaling by a pharmacological GSK-3-specific inhibitor." Nature Medicine 10: 55-63

Sato, N. et al. (2003). "Molecular signature of human embryonic stem cells and its comparison with the mouse." Developmental Biology 260(2): 404-413.

Love, L. (2003). "Rockefeller News Release: Genetic Clues to Stem Cells’ Unlimited Potential." Online.Rockefeller. 2003. Reviews Brivanlou’s work on stemness. (http://www.rockefeller.edu/pubinfo/070303.php)

Ivanova, N.B. et al. (2002). "A stem cell molecular signature." Science 298(5593): 601-604. Nore that the following three articles are communications about this study in light of others using similar microarray analysis.

Fortunel, N. et al. (2003). "Comment on "'Stemness': Transcriptional profiling of embryonic and adult stem cells and "A stem cell molecular signature."(I)." Science 302(5644): 393b.

Evsikov, A. et al. (2003). "Comment on "'Stemness': Transcriptional profiling of embryonic and adult stem cells and "A stem cell molecular signature."(II)." Science 302(5644): 393c.

Ivanova, N.B., et al. (2003). "Response to Comments on " 'Stemness': Transcriptional Profiling of Embryonic and Adult Stem Cells" and "A Stem Cell Molecular Signature"." Science 302(5644): 393d.

Brivanlou, A.H., et al. (2003). "Stem Cells: Setting standards for human embryonic stem cells." Science 300: 913-16.

Ramalho-Santos, M. et al. (2002). "Stemness: Transcriptional profiling of embryonic and adult stem cells." Science 298(5593): 597-600.

Therapeutic

O'Connor, T.P., et al. (2006). "Genetic medicines: treatment strategies for hereditary disorders." Nature Reviews Genetics 7(4): 261-76. A lengthy article that reviews many kinds of therapy and includes stem cell therapy using good graphics and diagrams.

Martin, M.J. et al. (2005). "Human embryonic stem cells express an immunogenic nonhuman sialic acid." Nature Medicine 11(2): 228-232.

Khosrotehrani, K. et al. (2005). "Multi-lineage potential of fetal cells in maternal tissue: A legacy in reverse." Journal of Cell Science 118(8): 1559-1563.

Tufts University. (2004). "Fetal Cells Foster Research." Online News Tufts University. August 30. This article decribes how a pregnant mother suffering from liver disease recovered when she became pregnant; the fetus provided her with a supply of therapeutic stem cells.This review is based on work done by Khosrotehrani et al. (http://enews.tufts.edu/stories/083004FetalCellsFosterResearch.htm)

Weiss, R. (2004). "Stem Cells Are an Unlikely Therapy for Alzheimer's." Washington Post June 10:A3. (http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A29561-2004Jun9?language=printer)

Musarò, A., et al. (2004). "Stem cell-mediated muscle regeneration is enhanced by local isoform of insulin-like growth factor 1." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101(5): 1206-10.

Daley, G. (2002). "Prospects for stem cell therapeutics: myths and medicines." Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 12(5): 607-613.

Bjorklund, L.M. et al. (2002). "From the Cover: Embryonic stem cells develop into functional dopaminergic neurons after transplantation in a Parkinson rat model." PNAS 99(4): 2344-2349. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.022438099 (review article, Vogel, G. (2002) “Rat Brains Respond to Embryonic Stem Cells.” Science 295(5553): 254-55.).

Rideout, W. et al. (2002). "Correction of a genetic defect by nuclear transplantation and combined cell and gene therapy." Cell 109(1): 17-27.

Torrente, Y. et al. (2001). "Intraarterial injection of muscle-derived CD34(+)Sca-1(+) stem cells restores dystrophin in mdx mice." The Journal of Cell Biology 152(2): 335-348.

Weiss, R. (2000). "Test-Tube Baby Born To Save Ill Sister." Washington Post Tuesday, October 3A01. Parents screen IVF embryos and give birth to a son who was chosen to save the life of his older sister through cord blood transplantation. (http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A62318-2000Oct2?language=printer)

Gussoni, E. et al. (1999). "Dystrophin expression in the mdx mouse restored by stem cell transplantation." Nature 401(6751): 390-394.

Wertz, D. (1998). "Germ-line Gene Therapy Enters the Foreseeable Future." Online. Gene Sage. 2005. A UCLA meeting in which germ-line gene therapy is discussed. (http://www.genesage.com/professionals/geneletter/archives/germ-line.htm)

Genomics and Molecular Biology (induction factors, telomeres, genomic imprinting)

Pray, L. (2004). "Epigenetics: Genome, Meet your Environment." The Scientist 18(13): 14-20. (http://www.the-scientist.com/yr2004/jul/feature_040705.html)

Gammaitoni, L. et al. (2004). "Elevated telomerase activity and minimal telomere loss in cord blood long-term cultures with extensive stem cell replication." Blood 103(12): 4440-4448.

Caporaso, G. et al. (2003). "Telomerase activity in the subventricular zone of adult mice." Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences 23(4): 693-702.

Xu, R.H. et al. (2002). "BMP4 initiates human embryonic stem cell differentiation to trophoblast." Nature Biotechnology 20: 1261-1264.

Eiges, R. et al. (2002). "A molecular view on pluripotent stem cells." Febs Letters 529(1): 135.

Zimmermann, S. et al. (2003). "Lack of telomerase activity in human mesenchymal stem cells." Leukemia 17(6): 1146-1149.

Li, E. (2002). "Chromatin modification and epigenetic programming in mammalian development." Nature Reviews Genetics 3(9): 662-674.

Condic, M. (2001). "Adult neuronal regeneration induced by transgenic integrin expression." The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society For Neuroscience 21(13): 4782-4788.

Czyz, J. et al. (2001). "Embryonic stem cell differentiation: the role of extracellular factors." Differentiation 68(4-5): 167-174.

Murray, P. et al. (2001). "The regulation of embryonic stem cell differentiation by leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF)." Differentiation 68(4-5): 227-235.

Schuldiner, M. et al. (2000). "Effects of eight growth factors on the differentiation of cells derived from human embryonic stem cells." PNAS 97(21): 11307-11312. (http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/97/21/11307) or http://www.hhmi.org/news/melton.html)

Lanza, R. et al. (2000). "Extension of cell life-span and telomere length in animals cloned from senescent somatic cells." Science 288(5466): 665-669.

Seale, P. et al. (2000). "Pax7 is required for the specification of myogenic satellite cells." Cell 102(6): 777-786.
Matsui, Y. et al. (1991). "Effect of steel factor and leukaemia inhibitory factor on murine primordial germ cells in culture." Nature 353(6346): 750-752.

Ethical and Social Literature

Reviews

Wade, N. (2006). "Science Academy Creates Panel to Monitor Stem Cell Research." The New York Times February 16:A21.

Blackburn, E. et al. (2004). "Reason as our guide." PLoS Biology 2(4): 412-423. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020116)

CNN. (2001). "Elizabeth Cohen: Ethics of Stem Cell Research." Online. CNNHealth. July 18. (http://www.cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/07/17/cohen.otsc/)

ABCNews. (2001). "Public Backs Stem Cell Research." Online. ABCNews.com. June 26. (http://www.abcnews.go.com/sections/politics/DailyNews/poll010626.html)

Agres, T. (2001). "Stepping Up for Stem Cells." The Scientist 15(17): 1.

Capell, K. (2001) "At Risk: A Golden Opportunity in Biotech." Business Week September 10: 85-87.

Irving, D. (1999). "NIH and Human Embryo Research Revisited: What is Wrong With This Picture?" Online. American Bioethics Advisory Committee. (http://www.all.org/abac/dni002.htm)

Stem Cell Lines, Stem Cell Banks, and Genetic Diversity

Gibbs, W. (2005). "The California Gambit, in Special Report: The Future of Stem Cells." Financial Times and Scientific American: A24-27. (http://www.sciam.com/print_version.cfm?articleID=00074394-3130-12BC-ADB783414B7F014C)

Bok, H. et al. (2004). "Justice, ethnicity and stem-cell banks." The Lancet 264: 118-121.
(http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/bioethics/Programs/PCEEPP/publications/lancet7.04.pdf)( PDF File)

Rabin, S. (2005). "The gatekeepers of hES cell products." Nature Biotechnology's Cell Therapies Focus Online 23(7): 817-819. This review focuses on patents and licensing fees associated with existing stem cell lines. (http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v23/n7/pdf/nbt0705-817.pdf)( PDF File)

Filmore, D. (2004). "Stem Cell Savings." Modern Drug Discovery 7(7): 13. Highlights Neostem the first company to all banking of adult stem cells prior to disease. Donors are encouraged to donate 10% of their stem cells to research. (http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/mdd/v07/i07/pdf/704news.pdf)( PDF File)

Brainard, J. (2004). "Fewer Stem Cells Available, NIH Says." The Chronicle of Higher Education 50(27): 24.

Brainard, J. (2004). "NIH to Create Stem-cell Bank." The Chronicle of Higher Education 50(48): 24.

Labi, A. (2004). " University of Cambridge to Open $30-Million Center on Stem-cell Research." The Chronicle of Higher Education Online Today's News. 50(43): 35.

Steinbrook, R. (2004). "The chord-blood-bank-controversies." The New England Journal of Medicine 351(22): 2255-57. This is an interesting review that describes litigation concerning the Pharmastem patent, which claims to own a universal cord banking process. The company has sued a number of public stem cell banks for patent infringement and hopes to secure licensing fees from all banks.

Gunning, J. (2003). "Umbilical cord cell banking: A surprisingly controversial issue." Online. Cardiff Centre for Ethics, Law and Society. 2005. (http://www.ccels.cf.ac.uk/literature/publications/2004/gunningpaper.pdf)( PDF File)

Faden, R. et al. (2003). Public Stem Cell Banks: Considerations of Justice in Stem Cell Research and Therapy. The Hastings Report. November-December. This is an excellent short review of the issues in terms of public access. (http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/bioethics/research/pceepp/fadenHCR.pdf)( PDF File) and methods (http://www.thehastingscenter.org/pdf/publications/public_stem_cell_banks_methods.pdf)( PDF File)

John Hopkins Medicine Press Briefing. (2003). “Panel: Clinical Use of Embryonic Stem Cells Jeopardized by Policy on Federal Funding.” November 10.
(http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/Press_releases/2003/11_10_03.html)( PDF File)

Brainard, J. (2003). "Low Number of Federally Approved Stem-cell Lines Raises Ethical and Safety Concerns Panel Says." Online. The Chronicle of Higher Education Daily News Update. November 11. Some of the information in this article can also be found in the print version, November 21, 2003 50 (13):A20.

Vogel, G. (2002). "Pioneering stem cell bank will soon be open for deposits." Science 297(5588): 1784a.

Entine, J. and Satel S. (2001). "Race Belongs in the Stem Cell Debate." Washington Post. September 9: 01. (http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A60970-2001Sep8?language=printer)

Genetic Savings and Clone Inc. (2005). "Genetic Savings & Clone." Online. Genetic Savings & Clone Inc. 2005. (http://www.savingsandclone.com/)

Cloning

BBC. (2005). "UN Votes Urges Human Cloning Ban." Online. BBC. March 8. (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4328919.stm)

The Center for Genetics and Society.(2004). "Research Cloning Arguments." Online. The Center for Genetics and Society. (http://www.genetics-and-society.org/technologies/cloning/researcharguments.html)

BBC. (2004). "Scientists Given Cloning Go-ahead." Online. BBC. August 11. (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3554474.stm)

People's Daily Online. (2004). "Scientists Oppose Human Cloning." Online. People's Daily Online, China. August 18. (http://english.people.com.cn/200408/18/eng20040818_153633.html)

Faiola, A. (2004). "Dr. Clone: Creating Life or Saving It?" Washington Post. February 29: 01. (http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A15746-2004Feb28?language=printer)

Kirchheimer, S. (2004). "Are Men Obsolete?" Online. WebMDHealth. April 21. (http://my.webmd.com/content/article/85/98826.htm?z=1728_00000_1000_ln_05)

Lamb, G. (2004). "In Cloning Debate, a Compromise." Christian Science Monitor. April 8: 14. (http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0408/p14s01-stct.html)

Rincon, P. (2004). "Mice Created Without Fathers." Online. BBCNews World Edition. April 21. (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3643847.stm)

Hall, S. (2003). "Eve Redux: The Public Confusion Over Cloning." Hasting Center Report 33(3): 11-15. An excellent review of the National Academy of Sciences Meeting aired on C-Span in 2001. Demonstrates the bipolar nature of the debates and highlights excellent historical analogies.

Fox, M. (2003). "Human Cloning Experiment Repeated." Online. MSNBC.com. December 16. (http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3730738/)

MSNBC. (2003). "Beyond Dolly: The Human Cloning Dilemma." Online. MSNBC. (http://www.msnbc.com/news/beyonddolly_front.asp)

Caplan, A. (2002). "Attack of the Anti-cloners." Online. The Nation Online. May 30. (http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml?i=20020617&s=caplan)

Cibelli, J.B. et al. (2002). "The First Human Cloned Embryo." Scientific American 286(1): 44-51. (http://www.sciam.com/explorations/2001/112401ezzell/)

Fukuyama, F. (2002). "The Clone Traders Advances in Human Biotechnology Have Highlighted the Need for International Regulation." Financial Times. May 18: 01.

Stevens, A. (2002). "Cloning Debate Splits Women's Health Movement." Women's News June 9. (http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/935/context/archive)

The National Right to Life Committee. (2002). "Radio Advertisement to Ban Cloning." Online MP3. The National Right to Life Committee. April 28. (http://www.nrlc.org/Killing_Embryos/SDrelease040302.html)

Holt, S. (2001). "On Human Cloning: Three Viewpoints." NOVA. 18 Ways to Make a Baby. (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/cloning.html)

Therapeutic

Pondrom, S. (2005). "Current Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Contaminated With Potentially Dangerous Non-human Molecule." Online. University of California San Diego News Online. January 23.

Valente, M. (2005). " Argentina: MDs Use A Stem Cell Technique to Treat Diabetes." Online.

Cord Blood Registry Online. January 12. (http://www.cordblood.com/cord_blood_news/stem_cell_news/a_argentina.asp) or
(http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/health/01_23_Varki.asp)

Weiss, R. (2004). "Stem Cells Are an Unlikely Therapy for Alzheimer's." Washington Post. June 10: 3. (http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A29561-2004Jun9?language=printer).

Westphl, S. (2003). "Risky Business." The New Scientist 179(2404): 24.

Stem Cell Network. (2002). "Adult Stem Cells Used to Repair Damage from Parkinson's Disease." Online. Canada News Wire. April 8. (http://www.stemcellnetwork.ca/news/articles.php?id=27)

Massachusetts General Hospital. (2002). "Researchers Identify Hormone that Prompts Adult Stem cells to Differentiate Into Insulin Producing Cells." Online. Massachusetts General Hospital News Release. July 17. (http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/news/releases/071702islets.htm)

BBC. (2002). "Cell Transplant Treats Parkinson's." Online. April 9. (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/1918347.stm)

Vogel, G. (2002). "Rat brains respond to embryonic stem cells." Science 295(5553): 254b-255.

BBC News. (2001). "Superman Actor Sues Bush Officials." Online. BBC News. May 30. (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/1359914.stm)

Muscular Dystrophy Association. (2000). "MDA Researchers Discover Possible Key to Effective Stem Cell Therapy in Muscle Diseases." Online. Muscular Dystrophy Association. (http://www.mdausa.org/news/000915stemcell.html)

Ethics and Religion

Wade, N., et al. (2006). "In New Method for Stem Cells, Viable Embryos." New York Times Aug 24:A1. Describes a method for deriving embryonic stem cells based on preimplantation genetic diagnosis with accompanying blog commentary on the media embargo at The Scientist ( http://www.the-scientist.com/blog/display/24413/)

Hyun, I. (2006). "Fair payment or undue inducement?" Nature 442(7103): 629-30.

Check, E. (2006). "Ethicists and biologists ponder the price of eggs." Nature 442(7103): 606-07. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/442607a)

Pearson, H. (2006). "Health effects of egg donation may take decades to emerge." Nature 442(7103): 607-08. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/442607a)

University of Pittsburgh. (2006). Summary Investigative Report On Allegations Of Possible Scientific Misconduct On The Part Of GeraldSchattenPh.D. University Of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh. February 6. (http://newsbureau.upmc.com/PDF/Final%20Public%20Report%202.08.pdf)( PDF File)

Templeton, S.-K. (2006). "Cloning Expert Quits Country in Row With Partner." Online. Times Newspapers Ltd.. January 15. This article review the fall out between Stojkovic and Murdoch over credit for work and publicizing preliminary work before peer-review. (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2087-1986322,00.html)

Fifield, A. et al. (2006). "Seoul Panel Confirms Stem Cell Fraud." Financial Times. January 11: 7.

Normile, D. et al. (2006). "South Korean team's remaining human stem cell claim demolished." Science 311(5758): 156-157.

Jung, K.-W. et al. (2006). "RETRACTED: Oocyte and Somatic Cell Procurement for Stem Cell Research:." The American Journal of Bioethics 6(1): W19. This is the original bioethics article submitted in 2005 by the South Korean team which was later retracted because informed consent was not followed as outlined in this article.

Kevles, B.H. (2006). "Barely a Drop of Fraud; Why It Shouldn't Taint Our View of Science." The Washington Post. January 8: 03.

Wade, N. (2006). "It May Look Authentic; Here's How to Tell It Isn't." The New York Times. January 24: F1,6.

Fairclough, G. (2005). "Women Offer Eggs to Doctor in South Korea." Wall Street Journal. November 25: 1.

Brooke, J. (2005). "Without Apology, Leaping Ahead in Cloning." The New York Times May 31:F1.

Magnus, D. et al. (2005). "Issues in oocyte donation for stem cell research." Science 308(5729): 1747-1748. Originally published on May 19, 2005 in Science Express. A review of the problems associated with traditional informed consent procedures which weigh benefit and risk and how oocyte donors are by default only subject to risk.

Mann, C. (2005). "The Coming Death Shortage." Atlantic Monthly 295(4) May: 92-102. Projects genetic enhancement and longevity in a dystopian light.

Rosen, G. (2005) "What Would A Clone Say?" New York Times Magazine November 27: 19-21. This article is a review of the novel Never Let Me Go by Ishiguro that traces the life of a clone and provides an interesting social commentary..

Today's Stem Cell Research.(2005). " US Patent Office Rejects PharmaStem Cord Blood Stem Cell Patents." Online. Today's Stem Cell Research. March 1, 2005.This is an important case as it sets the precedent for patents on technologies with broad reach. (http://www.stemnews.com/archives/000430.html)

The White House .(2005). "President Discusses Embryo Adoption and Ethical Stem Cell Research." Online. The White House. May 24, 2005.
(http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/05/20050524-12.html)

Thompson, C. (2005). "Four Ways to "Ethically" Harvest Stem Cells." Online. Wired Online. June 2005. (http://wired-vig.wired.com/wired/archive/13.06/stemcells_pr.html)

Thompson, C. (2005). "How to Farm Stem Cells Without Losing Your Soul." Online. Wired Online. June 2005. (http://wired-vig.wired.com/wired/archive/13.06/stemcells_pr.html)

Today’s Stem Cell Research Online. (2005). "Embryonic-Like Stem Cells Derived From Umbilical Cord Blood." Online. Today's Stem Cell Research. August 19, 2005. This transatlantic team used microgravity technology developed for NASA to isolate ESC-like cells. (http://www.stemnews.com/archives/001189.html)

Hurlbut, W. (2004). "Altered nuclear transfer as a morally acceptable means for the procurement of human embryonic stem cells." Online. The President's Council on Bioethics. December 2004. (http://www.bioethics.gov/background/hurlbut.html)

Kahn, J. et al. (2004). "Creating a stem cell donor: A case study in reproductive genetics." The Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 14(1): 81-96. This is an excellent review of the ethical dimensions involved for both the stem cell recipient and the donor. The author review a number of disturbing real life case studies going as far back as IVF and as far forward as creating siblings destined to be aborted to save the lives of existing children.

Walters, L. (2004). "Human embryonic stem cell research: An intercultural perspective." The Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 14(1): 3-38. An excellent and comprehensive review of various cultural and religious moral stances with respect to stem cell research.

Cook, G. (2004). "After 2 children via IVF, pair faced stem cell issue." Boston Globe April 4A1. This is an short article that discusses how two sets of parents struggle with the issue of embryo donation; Doug Melton a scientist with diabetic children in need of embryos for research, and a family who considers donating extranumerary IVF embryos for research.

Cook, M. (2004). "Consistent Bioethical Standards Are the Only Way to Control Cloning Research." Online. OnlineOpinion.com. February 19. (http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=1936)

Cyranoski, D. (2004). " Korea's stem-cell stars dogged by suspicion of ethical breach." Nature 249(6987): 3. A review of the informed consent procedure and possible conflict of interest issues concerning some of the female volunteers of the South Korean human cloning experiment. (http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v429/n6987/full/429003a.html)

Dobsen, P. (2004). "Ignore the Ethics of Stem Cell Research and They'll Pass You By." National Catholic Reporter 40(2): 16.

Normile, D. (2004). "South Korean cloning team denies improprieties." Science 304(5673): 945. A review of the informed consent procedure and possible conflict of interest issues concerning some of the female volunteers of the South Korean human cloning experiment.

Sullivan, B. (2004). "Religions Reveal Little Consensus on Cloning." Online. MSNBC. 2004. An interactive site that reviews a variety of religious viewpoints on stem cell research. (http://msnbc.msn.com/id/3076930/)

Weiss, R. (2004). "Of Mice, Men and In-Between." Online. WashingtonPost.com. 2005. Discusses the variety of chimeric organisms already developed; mice with human neurons, pigs with human blood, etc. (http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6534243/)

Chen, Y., et al. (2003). "Embryonic stem cells generated by nuclear transfer of human somatic nuclei into rabbit oocytes." Cell Research 13(4): 251-64. (http://www.cell-research.com/20034/251.pdf)( PDF File)

Levine, D.S. (2003) "Biotech Industry Edges Closer to Stem-cell Research." San Francisco Business Times 17 (40).1

The Law and Health Initiative. (2003). The Law and Health Initiative Research Report: How Many Frozen Human Embryos Are Available for Research? Rand Corporation. Santa Monica, California. (http://www.rand.org/publications/RB/RB9038/RB9038.pdf)( PDF File)

Hoffman, D., et al. (2003). "Cryopreserved embryos in the United States and their availability for research." Fertility and Sterility 79(5): 1063-69. This is the primary literature used for the RAND report above. (http://www.asrm.org/Professionals/Fertility&Sterility/cryoembryos_may2003.pdf)( PDF File)

Sexton, S. (2002). "Ethics or Economics? Public Health or Private Wealth?" Online. The Corner House. October 16. Poses good questions that include: Who will pay for health cost/coverage? (http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/document/potsdam.html)

Weckerly, M. (2002). "The Islamic View on Stem Cell Research." Online. Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion. (http://www-camlaw.rutgers.edu/publications/law-religion/new_devs/RJLR_ND_56.pdf)( PDF File)

Weckerly, M. (2002). "Judism and Stem Cell Research." Online. Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion. (http://www-camlaw.rutgers.edu/publications/law-religion/new_devs/RJLR_ND_55.pdf)( PDF File)

Peters, T. et al. (2001). "Theological Support of Stem Cell Research." The Scientist 15(17): 4. (http://www.the-scientist.com/yr2001/sep/comm1_010903.html)
Kahn, J. (2005). "The Stem Sell." New York Times Magazine October 16: 94 (four pages). Discusses the use of non-human stem cell injections for aesthetic purposes in a Russian health spa.

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